What does "validation" refer to in research methodology?

Validation in research methodology refers to the process of ensuring that research instruments—such as surveys, tests, or measurement tools—accurately measure the intended variables they are designed to assess. It involves various techniques and assessments to confirm that the instruments are both reliable and valid, meaning they consistently produce accurate and meaningful results.

This focus on measurement is crucial because if the instruments do not measure what they are supposed to, the data collected and the conclusions drawn from it may be flawed or misleading. Validation ensures that the findings of the research can be trusted and can contribute meaningful insights to the field of study.

Gathering data, replicating research findings, and reviewing literature are important aspects of the research process, but they pertain to different phases or elements of research. Validation is specifically concerned with the integrity and appropriateness of the tools used for measurement within the research study.